this post was submitted on 01 Oct 2024
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I hate to say it, but, these things don't change a lot, or quickly.
IP blocks, or "large groups of IP addresses" are assigned to regional internet registries, or RIRs which then hand them out from there. There's a couple RIRs. I think five in total? ARIN covers North America, and has, by far, the most IP addresses given out.
There's also RIPE, in Europe, APNIC, for Asia and the Pacific areas, including China and Australia, AfriNIC, which is basically all of Africa... If that wasn't obvious. And lacnic, which is South America.
Large IP blocks can, but rarely ever do, get transferred between RIRs.
But wait, it gets more complicated. IP addresses allocated in one region could be used anywhere in the world. The vast majority are not, and it's important to note that because of global routing, you can't have a block smaller than 256 addresses allocated in the default free zone (DFZ). The DFZ is the part of the internet that doesn't have a "default gateway". All routes are advertised, and by those advertisements are learned by others. The routers in the DFZ only have so much memory, and there was a crisis a while ago when the memory of most of the routers in the DFZ were dangerously close to being full.... That was around when ipv6 was first switched on. The routing memory is extremely fast, because it needs to be. Looking up a route in a table with a million+ entries takes time, but that time needs to be so short that latency is effectively mitigated. So that memory is some of the fastest used in tech at times, notwithstanding newer technologies.
I'm off topic. Anyways, my point is, ARIN is big. They have a lot of IPs. However allocation doesn't and shouldn't imply usage. A large number of addresses are allocated for US military use that are basically unseen in the internet. There's a few infamous /8 blocks of around 16.7 million addresses that don't get advertised and can't be used by anyone besides the US military. I forget which branch of military owns it. They've owned it since the internet started giving out allocations (more or less) and today one of those /8 blocks is worth billions, with a cost of about $50 per IP.
So yeah, the US has a lot of IP allocation, they also have a large amount of unused IP addresses.