College computer programming programs normally do not train people to immediately work, unless the students spend thousands of hours coding on their own. Most comp sci students avoid this.
So, when a new dev graduates and they did not do that extra work, then the first year of paid work is them putting in those hours while being paid rather than doing it for free
Both. Most people depend on literally thousands of interactions per day to survive: to eat, to have medicine,to travel, etc
These interactions depend on countless people around the world to do things no person fully understands.
This applies to most nations.
And it means most people are caught up in a small fragment of a system so mind boggling complex that will exploit them without anyone fully comprehending the why and how.
Can’t escape things one can’t understand