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(1) Optimal Stopping (2) Old people don't lose memory - they have so much of it that it slows their system. (3) Procrastination can be seen as an efficient scheduling problem with wrong priority. (4) Predictive Models - Gaussian, Power Law, Erlang (5) Over-fitting - "It really is true that a company will build whatever the CEO decides to measure". (6) Penalize complexity - Occam's Razor Principle (7) "A bit of conservative, a certain bias in favor of history, can buffer us against the boom and bust cycle of fads"
(8)Over-fitting Examples - Military Training, taste buds (9) Early Stopping - Appropriate for Uncertainty (10) "The prefect is the enemy of the good." (11) Continuous Relaxation for discrete optimization. (12) Lagrangian Relaxation - "You don't HAVE to obey the law. There are consequences to everything and you get to decide whether you want to face those.
(13) Random Sampling - Miller Rabin Primality Test (14) Charity - GiveDirectly uses random samples of review (15) Bloom filters for search engine crawls. (16) Simulated Annealing - Random restart hill climbing. (17) Randomness - heart of creativity? (18) Networking - Circuit Switching -> Packet Switching (19) Exponential backoff (20) AIMD - Additive Increase Multiplicative Decrease, TCP's Sawtooth (21) Game Theory - Price of Anarchy. Selfish routing only has 4/3 as it's price of Anarchy that's how internet is working fine (infact 33% close to optimal).
(22) Price of Anarchy is very high in case of Prisoner's Dilemma. (23) Tragedy of Commons - Pollution, Climate Change, Number of Vacations employees use etc., (24) Game Theory - Information Cascade. (25) Vickrey Auction