this post was submitted on 31 Aug 2023
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Kinda, yes and no, depinding on what you mean.
Native desktop Linux on bare metal, that's not possible, afaik. At least I have never seen anyone do that, so I don't think that's possible. Only very specific phones that are designed for this (e.g. the Pinephone) can do this.
Specialized phone Linux distros like Ubuntu Touch or PostmarketOS can be installed on any phone that someone ported the OS to. This is by far not every phone, but there are some phones where that is possible.
Running a real desktop Linux in a chroot jail is something every rooted phone is able to do. Here, the phone's regular Linux kernel is used to run the userland of the desktop Linux in a separated file system. From the user's viewpoint this is real Linux, but the Kernel that is used is the Android kernel. Also, the whole Android userland is running at the same time. This means, you can e.g. see (and kill) Linux processes from Android and vice versa. You can access the UI of the chrooted Linux using either a VNC or an X11 app, and the CLI either over SSH or directly over a command from the Android CLI.
The last option is using e.g. Termux to run a desktop Linux in a proot jail. This works similar to chroot, but doesn't require root. The downsides are that you don't have root inside the desktop Linux and afaik it only works until Android 11. Otherwise you get similar results as with chroot, only slower and without requireing root.
I went with the chroot option, which works great. I even managed to get FEX (an x86/x64 emulator) to run, which, together with Wine even allows me to run Windows programs on my phone (slowly).
Termux used to rock but nowdays installing stuff is very hit or miss.