Selfhosted
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Your own email server requires near 100% uptime or you risk not receiving critical emails. If a remote email server is trying to contact your email server and it can't it's only going to retry a few times and then give up. Hosting this yourself sounds great until you realize high uptime is not cheap and requires constant attention.
Setting it up securely can be difficult depending on your understanding of server infrastructure as well as protocols like DNS. You need to set up SPF, DKIM, DMARC, etc in order to prevent someone from faking an email from your server.
Of course, federated email does not use SPF/DKIM/DMARC because the whole point is that someone from another server could use your server to send an email (hence the federation). Open email servers were common 20 years ago but very rare today. That makes setup easier, but the main caveat is that most known non-federated email servers will reject email from servers that don't have SPF/DKIM/DMARC because they generally end up being havens for bots and spam since there is no verification or authenticity of the sender.
As someone who self hosts a lot of things, I would never self host my email. If i did I would be paying for two boxes in different parts of the world on different ISPs to provide that uptime. I would definitely set it up securely and not as a federated server otherwise it would be practically unusable for day to day emails.
I disagree. You can take some amount of downtime without issue.
https://wpmailsmtp.com/docs/how-to-automatically-resend-a-failed-email/ as an example for some services.
Many services (including postfix by default) will attempt a number of resend operations before it gives up.
What? All email is federated. What are you talking about here? SPF/DKIM/DMARC are on top of email... and have nothing to do with the federated property of email. Federation does not mean that you login or use another server. But that you have your instance, and the servers hash out the cross communication amongst themselves. That's EXACTLY what email servers do using SMTP.
If your email wasn't federated then you would get emails from anyone outside of your own instance. That would make email useless for 99% of the world.
I take "federated email" to refer to a juxtaposition with normal email implementation which harkens back to how it was in the 90s or early 00s where you didn't need to be registered on many SMTP servers in order to use it and it's stripped of server-side validation. There's some discussion on this topic in the fediverse.
You're right that the default current implementation is already federated.
Yep, I have no idea what those acronyms mean. Thank you for the reality check!
This is disingenuous on many counts.
A mail server does not require 100% uptime. The only messages you would miss from a brief downtime would be from a bad behaving mail sender. Even if your server was down for a day you likely wouldn't miss any mail, if it was longer than 24 hours you might start missing some.
SPF is all that's really needed to prevent someone from faking mail from your domain, if it's set to strict most mail providers will reject fake/spoofed mail at this point. This let's the receiving mail server know which servers/IP Addresses are allowed to send mail for the domain.
DKIM - before sending an email your server will create a signature and add it as a header. The DKIM DNS record stores the public key so the receiving mail server can verify the email's authenticity.
DMARC - Largely I only ever get reports from Google. MS and others rarely send them. Anyway, this is basically a tool that alerts you that unauthorized emails are being sent from your domain. If this happens, likely your SPF record is incorrect.
There are tools to help make sure your setup is correct, such as this https://mxtoolbox.com/SPFRecordGenerator.aspx
The rest of your comment contains outdated information. This post is about running a mail server in 2023. Some anecdotal statements about what it might have been like to run a mail server 20+ years ago serve no purpose here other than to scare people off from trying to host their own mail. If you succeed in that at least we could continue to sit around whining that Google and Microsoft have email all locked up and us little guys can't do anything about it but to continue to regurgitate how hard it is and you just shouldn't even try.
This is disingenuous on many counts.
A mail server does not require 100% uptime. The only messages you would miss from a brief downtime would be from a bad behaving mail sender. Even if your server was down for a day you likely wouldn't miss any mail, if it was longer than 24 hours you might start missing some.
SPF is all that's really needed to prevent someone from faking mail from your domain, if it's set to strict most mail providers will reject fake/spoofed mail at this point. This let's the receiving mail server know which servers/IP Addresses are allowed to send mail for the domain.
DKIM - before sending an email your server will create a signature and add it as a header. The DKIM DNS record stores the public key so the receiving mail server can verify the email's authenticity.
DMARC - Largely I only ever get reports from Google. MS and others rarely send them. Anyway, this is basically a tool that alerts you that unauthorized emails are being sent from your domain. If this happens, likely your SPF record is incorrect.
There are tools to help make sure your setup is correct, such as this https://mxtoolbox.com/SPFRecordGenerator.aspx
The rest of your comment contains outdated information. This post is about running a mail server in 2023. Some anecdotal statements about what it might have been like to run a mail server 20+ years ago serve no purpose here other than to scare people off from trying to host their own mail. If you succeed in that at least we could continue to sit around whining that Google and Microsoft have email all locked up and us little guys can't do anything about it but to continue to regurgitate how hard it is and you just shouldn't even try.